This short module will give you a brief overview of cognitive psychology.
Definition of Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive psychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on the study of mental processes, including how people perceive, think, remember, learn, solve problems, and use language. It seeks to understand how the mind processes information and how this processing influences behaviour. Cognitive psychologists explore a variety of internal processes that influence human behaviour and function, often using the analogy of the mind as an information processor, similar to a computer.
Key Areas of Interest
Perception:
How we gather and interpret sensory information from the environment.
Study of processes such as visual and auditory perception, depth perception, and pattern recognition.
Attention:
How we selectively concentrate on specific information while ignoring other stimuli.
Topics include focused attention, divided attention, and sustained attention.
Memory:
How we encode, store, and retrieve information over time.
Includes research on different types of memory (e.g., short-term, long-term, working memory) and processes like recall and recognition.
Learning:
How we acquire new knowledge and skills.
Involves studying classical and operant conditioning, observational learning, and cognitive approaches to learning.
Language:
How we comprehend, produce, and acquire language.
Studies syntax, semantics, phonetics, and the psychological processes involved in language use.
Problem-Solving:
How we identify solutions to complex issues.
Includes strategies such as algorithms, heuristics, and insight.
Decision-Making:
How we make choices and judgments.
Research on rational and irrational decision-making, biases, and risk assessment.
Reasoning:
How we draw conclusions and make inferences.
Studies inductive and deductive reasoning, logical thinking, and error patterns.
Historical Background
Cognitive psychology emerged in the mid-20th century as a response to behaviourism, which dominated psychology in the early 20th century. While behaviourism focuses on observable behaviours and external stimuli, cognitive psychology emphasizes internal mental processes. The cognitive revolution in the 1950s and 1960s marked a significant shift towards understanding these internal processes, influenced by developments in fields such as linguistics, neuroscience, and computer science.
Important Figures
Ulric Neisser: Often regarded as the "father of cognitive psychology," he authored the landmark book "Cognitive Psychology" in 1967, which helped establish the field.
Jean Piaget: Known for his theory of cognitive development, which describes how children's thinking evolves in stages.
Noam Chomsky: His critique of behaviourism and work on the nature of language significantly influenced cognitive psychology.
George A. Miller: Known for his work on the capacity of short-term memory and the development of cognitive science.
Watch Psychology Unlock - Cognitive Psychology in 5 mins.
To Do
Create a presentation or short video using software of your choice that gives a short biography for the four main historical figures given above.
Research Methods
Cognitive psychologists use a variety of research methods to study mental processes, including:
Experiments:
Controlled studies manipulate variables to observe effects on behaviour and mental processes.
Often conducted in laboratory settings.
Neuroimaging Techniques (not strictly a research method but a measuring tool):
Methods such as fMRI, PET scans, and EEG to observe brain activity and its correlation with cognitive functions.
Case Studies:
In-depth analyses of individuals with unique cognitive conditions, such as amnesia or brain injuries.
Computer Simulations and Modeling:
Creating computational models to simulate cognitive processes and predict behaviours.
Observational Studies:
Naturalistic observation of behaviours and cognitive processes in real-world settings.
To Do
I want you to take a deep dive into neuroimaging techniques, such as fMRI, PET, EEG, MEG, and CT. For each of the imaging techniques create an A4 information sheet. I want you to include:-
The full name of the technique
How it works
What it measures
Advantages and disadvantages
Applications in research and clinical practice
Applications
Cognitive psychology has practical applications in various fields, including:
Education:
Improving teaching methods and learning strategies based on cognitive principles.
Developing educational tools and curricula that enhance memory and comprehension. Therapy:
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for treating mental health disorders.
Techniques to modify dysfunctional thinking patterns and behaviours. Artificial Intelligence:
Designing AI systems that mimic human cognitive processes.
Enhancing human-computer interaction and user experience. Legal Settings:
Improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony.
Understanding cognitive biases that affect decision-making. Human Factors and Ergonomics:
Designing products and systems that align with human cognitive capabilities.
Enhancing safety and efficiency in various environments, such as workplaces and transportation systems.
To Do
Create a mind map of the applications of cognitive psychology and add it to your folder.
As you work through the modules on the cognitive psychology unit of study try to identify studies that use brain imaging and the application of the study.
Check your syllabus and cross off any areas covered. Complete your study progress chart.